Physical inactivity effects on morphological and musculoskeletal changes
Keywords:
physical inactivity, psychological response, bed rest, psychomotor status, adaptation.Abstract
Human responses on sedentary lifestyle induce physical inactivity. The aim of the research study was to detect morphological, musculoskeletal and some functional responses in young healthy men after total physical inactivity (bed rest) continuing 35-days, including nutrition countermeasures that could prevent some catabolic adaptations with individually balanced energy intake. 30 males in average age 24 ± 3 years have been submitted to 35 days of horizontal and head down tilt bed rest. Musculoskeletal, morphological and psychological characteristics were assessed before, during, and after bed rest while also after recovery phase. Functional characteristics as orthostatic intolerance, postural and clinical balance, gait, maximal and explosive power and psychological stress were monitored. Psychological tests “State Anxiety Inventory”, “Emotional Regulation and Control Scale” and “Test of Concentration and Achievement” were completed by participants. Results shown orthostatic intolerance developed after head down tilt bed rest, while just in 30 % after horizontal bed rest. Skeletal muscle adopts in lower muscle volume, lower fascicle length, and pennation angle. Overall body muscle mass was reduced but significantly just in legs. Mineral bone density was lower in leg muscles but in high correlation to muscle tendon attachments. Leg maximal and explosive power was reduced during isometric trials and vertical jumps. Significant increase was observed in fat mass but only when nutrition intake was not regulated and balanced. Changes in posture resulted in poor balance were observed after bed rest. No significant decrease in the examined psychological variables was established in participants after the period of physical immobility. The level of anxiety, emotional regulation and control, and concentration ability, expressed as the quantity of achievement, remained relatively stable during the experiment.
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